In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is principally because of the not enough oxygen in Nb2O5, made use of like a raw materials initial melt (Czochralski process) [186]. Accordingly, based upon its manufacturing know-how, niobium pentoxide can adopt a wide range of compositions https://lithium-niobate-crystal75307.pages10.com/5-easy-facts-about-lithium-niobate-crystal-described-67898730